Scientists Discover New Breast Cancer Risk Gene

BRIP1 Breast Cancer Gene

Women with a faulty version of a gene called BRIP1 have an increased risk of developing breast cancer, according to the results of a Cancer Research UK funded study revealed at the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) cancer conference and published in today's Nature Genetics.

Scientists from The Institute of Cancer Research studied the BRIP1 gene in 1212 women with breast cancer who had a family history of the disease that was not due to the known breast cancer genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2. They compared these women to 2081 healthy people. They found nine BRIP1 faults (mutations) in the breast cancer patients but only two in the healthy individuals. This indicates that the gene is linked to breast cancer more often than would be expected by chance.

The team worked out that carrying a faulty version of BRIP1 doubled a women's risk of the disease " taking their risk by the age of 70 from one in twelve to around one in six. This discovery could help identify women at increased risk of developing breast cancer, allowing preventative measures to be undertaken and leading to better diagnosis and more tailored treatment in the future.

Inherited genetic faults are estimated to account for up to 25 per cent of familial breast cancer cases. Some of these damaged genes are well known, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, but the majority of them are as yet unidentified. Scientists decided to look at faults in the BRIP1 gene because it interacts with the known cancer causing gene, BRCA1.

Lead author Nazneen Rahman, professor of cancer genetics at The Institute of Cancer Research, said: "BRIP1 is the latest gene we have found and leads to a small increased risk of breast cancer. We know there are many more genes still to find before we have the complete picture of the genetic causes of breast cancer, but with each step we are making progress."

Having two faulty copies of the BRIP1 gene is extremely rare and this double genetic fault is a cause of Fanconi anemia " a childhood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure and leukaemia. This study looked at women who carry just one faulty copy of the BRIP1 gene who, although they are at an increased risk of breast cancer, are otherwise healthy.

BRIP1, like BRCA1 and BRCA2 is a DNA-repair gene, so women with a faulty version of this gene cannot repair damaged DNA correctly. Individuals with faulty DNA-repair genes have an increased risk of cancer because their healthy cells are more likely to accumulate genetic damage that can trigger the cell to replicate uncontrollably " causing cancer.

Only 0.1 per cent of the general UK population, around 30,000 women, carry a damaged version of the BRIP1 gene. Not all women with this genetic fault will go on to develop breast cancer but the researchers believe this particular genetic fault contributes to around 100 cases of breast cancer diagnosed each year in the UK.

Professor John Toy, Cancer Research UK's medical director, said: "The discovery of a gene that increases breast cancer risk, even for a small number of women, is very important. Scientists are now beginning to understand more about the genes that are linked to breast cancer and we hope this knowledge will help identify and better manage more women at an increased risk of the disease in the future."

• Truncating mutations in the Fanconi anemia J gene, BRIP1, are low penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Seal et al. (2006). Nature Genetics.

• This work was supported by Cancer Research UK and The Institute of Cancer Research.

• The relative risk of breast cancer associated with BRIP1 mutations was estimated to be 2.0 (two fold). This is similar to the increase in risk seen with the CHEK2 and the ATM genes, which were reported by the same group of researchers in 2002 and 2006 respectively.

• BRIP1 stands for BRCA1-Interacting Protein 1

Breast Cancer Genes

• Some people are born with a fault in one of their genes. This does not mean that they will actually develop cancer, but it does mean that fewer other things need to go wrong for disease to develop. Doctors say people with a fault in certain genes are more likely to get cancer, and have a genetic predisposition to the disease.

• Women who have a very strong family history may have a faulty gene or genes in their family that increases their risk of breast cancer. There are several genes faults that can increase breast cancer risk. But, so far, doctors only test for two of them, BRCA1 and BRCA2, as these are associated with high risks of developing cancer.

• For more information about breast cancer risk visit our patient information website CancerHelp UK (www.cancerhelp.org.uk).